Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Research Paper

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation - Research Paper Example The last program clearly gets the most consideration regarding installment for awards, as in 2007 it came to $1.22 billion and represented 61% everything being equal (Gates Foundation, Annual report, 2007). Furthermore, the Gates Foundation attempts to improve monetary conditions the world over through rural turns of events, money related administrations, and innovation administrations. In the United States, the Gates Foundation centers around network awards in the Northwest, innovation administrations in libraries, and training the nation over (Hill, 2006). From the basic point of view, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation speaks to the cutting edge perfect of giving and magnanimity, of what Payton and Moody expressively portrayed as [it] is about thoughts and qualities just as about actionis consistently a push to mix the thought and the useful (Payton and Moody, 4). In 2000, the initiative of the Gates Foundation Education Division was focused on being the most freely investigated altruism in American history. The fundamental charitable objective of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's Education Program is to increment altogether the quantity of low-salary minority understudies who graduate secondary school with scholarly aptitudes required for accomplishment in post auxiliary instruction and in the working environment (Smerdon and Means, 1). In February of 2005, Bill Gates talked at a representative's meeting in Washington, DC with respect to the state of American secondary schools (Hess, 2005). The 45 governors in participation tuned in as Bill Gates pronounced America's secondary schools out of date. He explained by saying, By out of date, I imply that our secondary schools - in any event, when they're working precisely as planned - can't train our children what they have to know today (Rhodes et al, 7). Moreover, Gates explored some alarm ing proof to help his remarks with respect to the absence of achievement in American secondary schools. Entryways came to his meaningful conclusion with the country's governors by expressing that solitary 71% of understudies graduated secondary school in 2002, and just 34% were negligibly arranged for school (Rhodes et al, 7). Notwithstanding improving American secondary educational system, the Gates Foundation effectively tries to change open arrangement with respect to American schools, which remember execution of straightforwardness for school money, different free school suppliers, and execution based responsibility (Hill, 2006). The Foundation's promise to expanding the quantity of littler, customized secondary schools, and an information base for achievement in these schools, has prompted the National School District and Network Grants Program. This program is adopting a twopronged strategy as to grantee associations: (a) grantee associations are growing new, littler secondary schools; and (b) grantee associations are changing over bigger secondary schools into littler learning networks. As a piece of the new secondary school activity, the establishment gives awards to Early College High Schools (ECHSs) (Smerdon and Means, 1). The Early College High School Initiative spotlights explicitly on expanded scholastic meticulousness through mixing secondary school and school instruction (Smerdon and Means, 1). The ECHSs are intentionally intended to give understudies a secondary school recognition and a partner's degree, or 2 years of

Barriers and solutions to international trade

Obstructions and answers for global exchange INTRODUCION This paper gives a diagram of the boundaries to worldwide exchange looked by economies today with instances of hindrances looked in different nations, and their answers. Universal exchange advances exclusive requirement of living for exchanging countries and henceforth, regardless of its different sick impacts, it is ideal to rehearse worldwide exchange as it gives financial and social advantages to economies realizing an upswing in worldwide economy. This paper endeavors to uncover, the general hindrances global exchange faces directly and its answers with late models. Universal TRADE: AN INTRODUCTION Exchange among nations has existed for an extensive stretch at this point. The exchange among Asia and Europe denotes this reality as Morrison (2006, pp.314-315) inspects that these two landmasses have occupied with Trade since a significant stretch. He likewise recommends that with time, global exchange has made considerable progress the extent that volume and examples of exchange between countries is concerned. Morrison (2006) has alluded to figures by the World Trade Organization (2004, refered to in International Trade Statistics 2003, World Trade Developments 2002) from the official site of the WTO that Asias portion of worldwide product sends out has step by step expanded, Northern Americas share has marginally diminished and Western Europes share has recouped from a ruin in 2001, yet not as much as it did in 1990. Morrison further recommends, from 2000 to 2002, Chinas fares and imports rose by 30 percent and today, China is one of the universes biggest merchants. Consequently, we may take note of that International exchange assumes an exceptionally fundamental job in globalization slants on the planet economy. UNDERSTANDING TRADE PROTECTIONISM Protectionism is The conscious use or consolation of limitations on imports to empower moderately wasteful household makers to contend effectively with outside makers, or to ensure and save those ventures and makers considered of basic national intrigue. (McCracken, 2005) Coughlin et al (1988) express that Protectionist Trade Policies are intended to improve the situation of residential items when contrasted with its remote reciprocals, and this might be done through different strategies by augmentation of the market cost of the outside item or by notwithstanding access of outside items to the local market. They clarify that protectionist exchange strategies mean to grow household creation in the secured enterprises to help the proprietors, providers and laborers of the ensured business. Anyway this may prompt a downturn in the utilization of secured products because of either related ascent in its cost or shoppers begin utilizing less of different merchandise because of the decrease in yields and increment in costs. Coughlin et al thus, contend that residential customers are supposed to be impeded as the cost of the ensured products continue expanding. Consequently, forcing of taxes lead to residential makers and the legislatures gain, while local customers and other local makers misfortune. These exchange approaches likewise influence outside interests. Facilitated commerce ITS THEORIES Facilitated commerce is exchange between countries that is unrestricted by Government limitations, for example, levies, limitations, and different hindrances. (Money related Times Limited, 2009) Hypothesis of Absolute Advantage Barnat (2005) featured certain focuses from Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations 1776 that clarify what this hypothesis discusses. He referenced that the countrys rehearsing or ready to rehearse organized commerce should progress in the direction of boosting the effectiveness of the merchandise and items they bargain in, and that this hypothesis depends on the suspicion that the country delivering a specific decent is completely better at creation of that great or product than the remainder of its exchanging accomplices, thus calling this the supreme bit of leeway of the country over different countries. The hypothesis of Absolute Advantage proposes specialization through unhindered commerce as it benefits the buyers on the off chance that they can bear the cost of outside made items at a nearly less expensive cost than local items. (Warhurst, 2009) Hypothesis of Comparative Advantage Barnat (2005, refered to in Ricardo, 1817) had hypothesized that in Ricardos hypothesis of relative preferred position regardless of whether a specific country can deliver every one of its products at a similarly lower cost than another nation then it benefits the exchange of both the nations, in view of the near expenses. Coughlin et al (1998, refered to in Ricardos Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817) exhibited that two nations viz. Britain and Portugal were appeared to create a similar two merchandise wine and fabric and the main creation costs were work costs. It was demonstrated that England was nearly less effective to deliver the two products as it was relatively costlier to create those merchandise in England. Accordingly, it was said in this showing Portugal had an outright favorable position in these two products. As indicated by this model, work was the main asset considered to create these merchandise when work is among the numerous assets used to deliver these products. Likewise, the creation expenses of the extra units have been taken to be steady in this exhibit, yet unit creation as referenced by Coughlin et al here, is liable to diminish or increment contingent upon the creation. Elwell (2005) proposes that the increases from exchange are shared notwithstanding either countries supreme bit of leeway or drawback in the proficiency with which they produce every tradable great. The distinction in pace of creation of one great must be restricted for the development of another great among nations with the end goal that there is a near bit of leeway among the two countries to such an extent that both advantage effectively from exchange. A country isn't to contend yet take a gander at the shared advantages from exchange. Hence, every nation must deliver what they excel at generally. Similar bit of leeway is apparent in exercises that utilize plentiful gainful asset. Elwell clarifies this announcement with the assistance of a case of the U.S. what's more, China. He expresses that China, with an overall bounty of low talented work would think that its valuable to participate underway that requires low gifted work, in exchange. Then again, the U.S. spends significant t ime underway of products that require high gifted work. Likewise, the creation of merchandise can be rehearsed with the end goal that a piece of the great is delivered in one nation while another nation can bargain in creating another part required for the creation of the great subsequently rehearsing the hypothesis of relative bit of leeway. For instance American equipment organizations send their items to China since it is substantially more financially savvy because of low pursued work in China. This goes about as a near bit of leeway for the two nations. Because of political thought processes, different governments despite everything attempt to impede the arrangement of facilitated commerce notwithstanding its acknowledgment all around, in Hendersons see. Obstructions TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE Duty Barriers Duties as per Coughlin et al (2009) are charges forced on products entering a nation from another nation. They propose that levy incomes are paid to the legislature of the nation that permits the products to enter its country and this income is utilized to back taxpayer supported organizations. Along these lines, as Sumner et al (2002?) state, Tariffs are among the most established type of government intercession and are actualized to give income to the administration and they additionally give financial comes back to firms and providers of assets of the local business that face rivalry from imported items. Sumner et al further propose that in 1948, when normal tax on made merchandise expanded by 30 percent in many created nations, these economies haggled for the decrease of levy on fabricated products under the General Agreement on Tariff Trade (GATT), in any case, just in the latest dealings on this issue in Uruguay, the exchange and tax limitations were tended to. Levies are equip ped for hampering country to-country exchange, or as Sumner et al include, in the event that taxes set are high, at that point it can square universal exchange and consequently, act like import bans. Standard System Henderson (2009), states, in the standard framework, there is significantly more organization included and for this situation, the administration isn't the source from where the income is created. Under the standard framework as proposed by Coughlin et al (2009), the costs increment in the home market and this empowers household makers to expand creation and buyers to decrease utilization. Coughlin et al further express that the share creates an income addition to the proprietor of import licenses. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) The Non-levy boundaries can be grouped further as the administrative hindrances, sponsorships and trade controls. Sponsoring household makers is one approach to limit terms under which outsiders can contend in the home market as recommended by Coughlin et al (2009). They additionally express that confining access to outside cash to purchase remote products is known as Exchange Control. Model Karugia et al (2009) express that the primary sort of non tax hindrances looked in East Africa during Maize and Beef exchange were customs documentation and managerial methodology, quality investigation, traveling techniques and migration, which are generally bulky and costly. He expresses that these hindrances lessen the potential advantages of exchange inclinations, lead to enormous government assistance misfortune as cost of business exercises increment. Accordingly, exchange among the East African countries, in meat and maize was seen as low as Karugia et al recommend. Levy Rate Quota Sumner et al (2002) have likewise talked about what is known as a Tariff-Rate Quota (TRQ). It is supposed to be the mix of the thoughts of duty and standard. The usage of a TRQ is a generally excellent thought to help the two nations that bringing in and the one sending out, and the concerned governments. Approaches like the Tariff-Rate Quota assist execute with exchanging practice between check

An analysis of the business communication skills needed by entry-level Assignment - 1

An investigation of the business relational abilities required by passage level bookkeepers - Assignment Example The aftereffects of this study have indicated that relational abilities are basic particularly for recently recruited employees. The investigation noticed that the major significant relational abilities that are required by the new alumni incorporate spelling, language structure, accentuation just as composing obviously and definitely. This causes the new bookkeepers to be in a situation to accomplish the ideal objectives particularly concerning data trade with their focused on crowds. The investigation has noticed that new bookkeepers frequently need essential relational abilities, for example, composing and this regularly impacts adversely on their presentation since there are chances that they might be appraised as poor however it may not be the situation. To a bigger degree, this investigation is true given that there is no work that should be possible without correspondence. Laborers trade perspectives and thoughts using distinctive correspondence styles that run from verbal to nonverbal correspondence, composed just as listening systems. So as to be viable in correspondence, every individual ought to be familiar with one or the entirety of the relational abilities illustrated previously. The other significant perspective why correspondence is crucial in the bookkeeping calling is that the bookkeepers are in a superior situation to offer directions to their coworkers. The workers are likewise in a situation to make shared comprehension among themselves on the off chance that they convey adequately. This can be accomplished using powerful relational abilities where the communicators are clear and exact in whatever they state.

The Positive Influence of Others - Free Essay Example

To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you a good person is the greatest accomplishment. Adolescents face various kinds of problems these days, which highly impact their decisions. Peer pressure is one of the major problems of our society for which people have misconceptions, that it leads to negative results. It is the influence of the peer group on its member to do the same as others in order to be admired by them. It does not always lead to a wrong direction because if the adolescents of our society are more educated than they can easily differentiate between what is good and what is bad for them. Positive peer influence helps them to cope with risk-taking behavior. In his article, Positive impacts of peer pressure: A systematic review, Aroonmalini Boruah, a psychologist in Dibrugarh University, notes: According to the stress adjustment learning buffering model of social relationships, social connection and support provide individuals with the psychological resources to cope with stress, thereby decreasing the likelihood of achievement motivation, engaging in risky behavior as a means of coping(2016). Peers have a positive influence on the behavior of a child because it leads to improvement in academic performances and increases social development skills. Positive peer influence leads to improvement in academic performance. The positive peer pressure will lead to higher levels of engagement which will provide a sense of belonging to the adolescence and motivates them in learning and academic achievements(Boruah 2016). Some adolescents were found to score good grades in comparison to previous standards as a result of the change in peer groups, who scored the best grades in the class. They did not only focused on academics, but there was an inclination in getting involved and participating in several extracurricular activities in school(Das 2016). Positive peer pressure develops social skills in children. The peer helps to share experiences and feelings which help to solve various conflicts of adolescents. On the other hand, those without the presence of positive peer pressure will lead to social isolation and limited social contacts and will have fewer opportunities to develop new relations and social skill(Boruah 2016). Some opponents say that peer pressure increases risk-taking behavior among teenagers. In its negative form, peer pressure may be exercised in a variety of areas all including drug abuse, engaging in misconduct, sexual activity, and conformity to patterns of preference on dress, music or entertainment. At times, peer pressure pushes them to indulge in high-risk behavior or actions that can bring them into direct conflict( Goel and Malik 2017). In short, peer pressure has a positive influence on children, which leads to improvement in academic performance and development in social skills. Positive peer group encourages to adopt good habits and gives emotional support. It helps to enhance the personality of a person. A good peer group supports you during stress and stands with you in difficult situations. In all, positive peer pressure supports good behavior, encourages to set goals, accomplishes academic performance, and social development.

theories on crime comparison - 1138 Words

Theories on Crime Comparison AJS 542 October 14, 2013 Professor Packer Theories on Crime Comparison Every individual is different from the next. The same goes for crime. Society recognizes the multiple types of crimes that exist in society because of this, theorists identify different levels why these crimes exist. This paper will provide information on sociological theory including the relationship between personality and criminal behavior according to sociological theory. Also, this paper will provide a comparison on each key elements on sociological theory, biological theory, and psychological theory. In addition, the paper will allow each reader to understand the philosophical basis for each†¦show more content†¦Max Weber (1864–1920) argued that who has power was determined not only by social class and control of material resources, but also by—among others—social status and organizational power. These social resources draw their power from peoples willingness to obey the authority of another person, which is in turn based on their perception of the legitimacy of that persons right to rule (Witt, 2009, p. 1). Biological Theory Biological theory studies the science of the brain and genetics to identify any links between biological factors and criminal activity. Cherry (2013) states, â€Å"One of the best known biological theorists was Hans Eysenck, who linked aspects of personality to biological processes. Eysenck argued that introverts had high cortical arousal, leading them to avoid stimulation. On the other hand, Eysenck believed extroverts had low cortical arousal, causing them to seek out stimulating experiences† (p. 1). An individuals with an introvert personality often shows signs of shyness and lacks confidence, whereas an extrovert is outgoing and confident. Psychological theory Key elements to psychological theory consist of mental health, hormones, and even neurological issues. When one finds he or she has a mental health problems it causes an imbalancement in the brain that can cause one to commit a crime without the knowledge of the wrong-doing. Hormone imbalancements can cause similar problems. Many imbalancements in the body canShow MoreRelatedTheories of Crime Comparison1157 Words   |  5 PagesTheories on Crime Comparison Angelika L. Arnold AJS/542 May 20, 2013 Marcela Morales Theories on Crime Comparison For several years, theorists have come to the conclusion that people commit crimes for several differentRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 Pages  A Critical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern dayRead MoreCja 314 Crime Data Comparison Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesSUBMITTED FOR GRADING, SO PLEASE DON’T PLAGIARIZE. Crime Data Comparison: Honolulu amp; New York NAME CJA 314 DATE PROF. Crime Data Comparison Crime is something that occurs throughout the world. To some people it is an incident that adds stress to one’s life, and to others, they see it as a way of life. Over the last years, different areas of the United States have been affected by crime. The Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Program is a nationwide program thatRead MoreMajor Types Of Social Structure Theories783 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor types of social structure theories, and the three major types of social structure theories are social disorganization theory, strain theory, and culture conflict theory. Also, I will, include the major principles for each perspective. In this I will define social structure , and I will detail key points in each of these subjects. Introduction Social order,and economics in society explains crime by reference to the Social Structure theory. This type of theory makes important relationships amongRead MoreCritical Theories Of Criminology903 Words   |  4 Pagescriminology providing a comparison as well as a contrast to each. Discussion There are several theories developing critical theories of criminology, the first discussed in this paper will be conflict theory (Bohm Vogel, 2011). 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Theoretical Overview Agnew’s theory of crime resistance and susceptibility (TCRS) (Agnew, 2016) serves as the theoretical framework for this research. From this perspective, certain individuals are more susceptible to the onset of criminality emanating from social forces and life experiences described in the three dominant criminological theories. That is, pressures

My Mother Never Worked By Bonnie Smith Yackel - 1593 Words

In Bonnie Smith-Yackel’s essay â€Å"My Mother Never Worked† she passionately defends her mother after Social Security refuses to grant her death benefit check. Yackel does not realize that Social Security fairly distributes benefits to contributing Americans. Social Security was reasonable to not granting benefits to a woman who never contributed as a wage earner. It would not be fair if benefits were granted to a fraud who never paid wage taxes compared to wage earners who do. Americans who abuse Social Security benefits by committing fraud is unethical and not to mention illegal. Americans that are in desperate need for Social Security benefits require it far more than frauds. By eliminating fraud the government can properly grant social benefits to hard working Americans. Social Security benefits should be permitted to Americans that work and provide back to their country or they are disabled. Hard-working citizens that pay their duties will receive back from benefi ts, including employees that are qualified as disabled. Benefits should not be granted to any citizen that makes no contribution to their country such as, tax deductions from their wages. Furthermore, Social Security needs to reach out to the majority which is the poverty-stricken. By informing impecunious people and immigrants of Social Security it could save them from the poverty they suffer from. Even though, Social Security relieves some citizens from a financial burden there are still many improvements to beShow MoreRelatedMy Mother Never Worked By Bonnie Smith Yackel1153 Words   |  5 Pagesof knowledge through my college studies at STLCOP to reach my goal of becoming a pharmacist. As with every situation, struggles will arise along the career path, suggesting a link between the drama in each person’s life alongside the eternal pace and rhythm of conflict and conquest. During this journey of making a mark upon this world, various challenges will arise, which I expect to experience and overcome. As seen in Bonnie Smith-Yackel’s narrative â€Å"My Mother Never Worked,† a mother’s conflictsRead MoreSandra Cisneross Only Daughter AndMy Mother Never Worked952 Words   |  4 PagesIn the narrative, â€Å"Only Daughter†, by Sandra Cisneros, and in the story, â€Å"My Mother Never Worked†, by Bonnie Smith-Yackel, the authors redefine stereotypes of women. Sandra Cisneros endured many hardships throughout her childhood since, she is a female and females were degraded in her society. Smith-Yackel is horrified to find out that her mother is considered to have â€Å"never worked†, because she did not have a formal job. In both these works of literature, the author’s central theme is to redefineRead MoreHow Can Love Be Long Lasting?884 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful relationships are spontaneous and romantically ready. Little things like bringing the spouse roses every Friday. Just keeping that spark alive is what marriage is about. Some parent’s aren’t as enticed with love letters like Bonnie Smith-Yackel â€Å"My mother never worked†Pg 95. Her parent’s kept the light sparking between them. When marrying into a relationship sharing is caring. The relationship is built on shared interests and values. Each spouse could bring love or hate into the marriage. HowRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Social Security1546 Words   |  7 PagesIn Bonnie Smith-Yackel’s essay My Mother Never Worked she passionately defends her mother after Social Security refuses to grant her death benefit check. Yackel does not realize that Social Security fairly distributes benefits to contributing Americans. Social Security was reasonable to not granting benefits to a woman who never contributed as a wage earner. Hence it would not be fair if benefits are granted to a fraud who never paid wage taxes compared to wage earners who do. Americans who abuse

Can One Form of Music Be More Authentic Than Another free essay sample

There are many different forms of music all of which have individual styles and characteristics. These forms and styles are generally categorized, by the media, music Industry and audiences, Into musical genres. These genres are more or less determined by such factors as geographical location, for example Nashville and Country Western; time period, for example SASS and Rockabilly; social relevance, for example sasss and Punk; and of course the variables of musical form itself including instrumentation, technique and particularly the distinctions made betweenArt, Pop and Traditional music. The emergence of new genres, or sub-genres, can in truth occur from an almost infinite number of variable distinctions. In his essay Genres, Submerges, Sub-submerges and More Chamber Mcleod argues that in electronic music the naming of new submerges can be linked to a variety of influences, such as the rapidly evolving nature of the music, accelerated consumer culture, and the synergy created by record company marketing strategies and music magazine hype. The appropriation of the music of minorities by straight, middle and upper-middle-class whites in the United States and Great Britain plays a part, and he rapid and ongoing naming process within electronic/dance music subcultures acts as a gate-keeping mechanism, as well. (Shepherd, 2003) This would suggest that the orally, dimension and Indeed authenticity of a music genre Is determined by many variables and these factors contribute to the over lapping and constant fluctuation of musical styles and forms..In this essay I will be discussing whether or not one form, or indeed genre, of music can be more authentic than another. But what do I mean by authenticity? The word Itself comes from the Latin authentic, meaning from the author, and the Brothels helicopter, J. L. Austin called this word, along with Its near relations, real, ;genuine and true, a ;dimension word. He goes on to explain that this is a term whose meaning remains uncertain until we know what dimension of its referent is being talked about.A forged painting, for example, will not be inauthentic in every respect: a Han van Mongered forgery of a Vermeer is at one and the same time both a fake Vermeer and an authentic van Mongered, Just as a counterfeit bill may be both a fraudulent token of legal tender but at the same time a genuine piece of paper. 0. L. Austin, 2003) It is clear that what. L. Austin means is that the meaning of the word authenticity can only be interpreted by its context.So how does this relate to music and its many forms? While referring to the classical genre, Dennis Dutton** suggests in his essay Authenticity In Art that With a painting there normally exists an original, nominally authentic object that can be identified as the original; nothing corresponds to this In music. Even a composers own performance of an Instrumental Rite of Spring -? cannot fully constrain the interpretive choices of other performers or define for ever the authentic performance. Dutton, 2003) It is clear from this that Dutton believes that defining authenticity in music, particularly in the classical art form, is an almost impossible task in the context of performance interpretation. One can normally identify the author of the score, but even the author themselves can never truly represent or define authentic performance. This notion of determining the original however, is o nly one context of authenticity ideology upheld within music.According to John Shepherd* in his book The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, in popular and traditional music, the notion of authenticity has generally been positioned around ideas related to historical continuity, artistic expression and sincerity, autonomy from commercial imperatives, technology and production, the expression of and the engagement with cultures of certain audiences as well as communities and localities. (Shepherd, 2003) Coyly and Dolan (1999) also argue that authenticity is a socially constructed tool in the marketing of Popular music: Authenticity is a sign and not a quality, and like any sign it functions differentially and deferentially. In the world of commerce authenticity is simply a matter of trademark. Both these theories express views based within semiotics.Both theories suggest that artists, and the industry that markets them, use signs and symbols to connote impressions of authenticity. If we relate what Coyly and Dolan suggest to music specifically, you could argue that authenticity is in fact, ironically, a fabricated ideology of a commercial process. In 1965 the American Folk music revival was in full swing in North America and Bob Dylan was the leader of the pack.Hailed by critics and fans alike as the spokesperson for a generation, Dylan articulated songs with which the anti-establishment, mainly nouns and liberal, could identify, while at the same time connecting w ith the more traditionalist folk audiences through the ideological aesthetics of the genre such as authentic artistic expression, lyrical prowess over musical technique and valuing art over commerce. The latter is ironic due to his already established status as a hugely commercial musician involved heavily within the popular music industry.Many theorists, such as Stratton believe, Just as Coyly and Dolan suggested, that the creative process has often been mystified by the artist and the music industry to conceal the rational workings of capitalism. Therefore, despite the personae of popular musicians as free artists, there are many rules and formulations they must adhere to in order to be commercially viable within the capitalist system of the music industry. For a start, pressure on Dylan would be to make money for the record label he was signed to.It was fortunate for the company that Dylan tapped into the zeitgeist of the period. Dylan himself exposed this notion when in 1965 at the Newport Folk Festival, he took to the stage not as a solo artist with an acoustic guitar, as the dominant perception of a traditional folk musician dictates, but with a full electric band as well, more akin to the popular English rock and pop bands of the time such as The Beetles and the Rolling Stones.Many of the members of the crowd started to boo Dylan and his band and, in probably the most famous heckle of all time, someone even shouted Judas, suggesting that Dylan had betrayed his fans traditionalist folk audience. No one knows exactly who or why members of the crowd decided to boo Dylan, but it has been suggested that it was because the traditionalist folk element in the crowd, of which there were many, it being a specifically folk activates, believed that Dylan going electric was a sign of him pandering to the record industry and exposed his eagerness for commercial success over artistic authenticity.This notion of pandering to capitalism is commonly known as selling out and consequently their oppositional reading. John Shepherd noted in his book, The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, that Such formulations of selling out tend to be modeled on popularization involving art and commerce, independent and corporate, underground and mainstream, or on particular artists losing touch with their audience by changing style or acceding to commercial production techniques. Of course there are many different ideological expectations regarding authenticity, and it is clear from Dylan success that many had a dominant reading of his music, which appealed to a wider audience familiar with, and eager to invest in, electronic and rock genres. During the late sass, and throughout the sass, the Rock and Pop music genres, along with their new sub-genres, including Progressive Rock, Punk, Soul and Disco, became ideologically distinct, particularly where authenticity was concerned.The ideology of authenticity within the folk genre, including themes of art over commerce and authentic artist expression, were, and still are, apparent within the commercial and social understanding of Rock music. Audiences perceived, and artists and the music industry portrayed, Rock musicians as the more authentic form of popular and traditional music, as opposed to pop music, which was generally understood as mere entertainment by critics and audiences. This is due to the fact that Rock music is thought to have its roots in traditional musical genres such as Folk, Blues andCountry, drawing from its musical styles and techniques, whilst also sharing their ideologies and aesthetics, particularly the notion that the music should articulate and represent the feelings and concerns of its core audience, or indeed demographic. This in turn meant that Rock music, along with many of its sub-genres, will always have to adhere to the expectations placed on it by the audience in terms of authenticity, or risk losing that audience by being deemed to sell out. There are of course many forms of Rock and Pop music, each of them with their own notions and contexts of authenticity to uphold. For instance, the submerge Progressive Rock has its roots, not in Folk or Blues, but in elitist art forms of music such as Classical and Jazz music, and although the genre shares the same stages and media outlets as other forms of popular music, especially Rock music, it is generally read and understood as being a form of art music that transcends both Popular and Traditional music in terms of technical ability and musicianship.Because of this, Progressive Rock bands, such as Pink Floyd and Rush, do not have to adhere to the ideology of authenticity that many other genres would have to, and can trade on a rand scale without the need to fear being exposed as part of a capitalist process. Around the same time, Mouton records was producing and releasing an incredibly The initial perception of this music was that it was Just pop music, created for entertainment purposes only.It was perceived to have very little artistic merit, and although critics and audiences alike understood and accepted the ability of the musicians and songwriters involved, the performers themselves, and the songs they sang and endorsed were not deemed authentic in the traditional context of Pop and Rock music ideology. They didnt often, and in some cases ever, write their own songs, immediately connoting an impression of a factory like, capitalist attitude towards producing music. However, recently, the record label, and indeed the Soul and Funk genres it championed, have been critically acclaimed for providing a platform and voice for black performers who were marginals by the predominantly white, male dominated record industry.It has also been noted that Mouton appealed, not Just to black performers and a black audience, but to a young, intellectual white audience who approached the music with a negotiated reading, recognizing the racist attitudes awards black performers and developing an appreciation of their music as a move towards empowerment, not Just in terms of determining what music they chose to produce and control but also of the black movement as a whole.The factory like attitude towards producing music has even, in a strange U-turn of ideology, been critically acclaimed for its efficie nt and prolific output. Midtowns music has always been widely appreciated and commercially successful, but only recently has it been regarded in the mainstream with the same context of authenticity that defines most Rock, Folk, Art and Traditional music. It certainly is difficult to define whether or not one form of music can be more authentic than another.Due to the intrinsic dimensional quality of the word itself, and the many different contexts in which it is appropriated and interpreted by different audiences, creators and theorists, it would appear that there is never going to be one defining example or interpretation of an authentic form of music. In the process of writing this essay I have come to agree with J. L. Austin, when he wrote that authentic is a term whose meaning remains uncertain until we know what dimension of its referent is being talked about.